INNOVATIONS in pharmacy

Clinical pharmacogenetics: A feasibility study of pharmacy students using a clinical decision support system during their didactic training

Diane M. Calinski

Manchester University

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4815-1508

Diana J. Dawes

GenXys Health Care Systems

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2717-5823

Martin G. Dawes

GenXys Health Care Systems

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3624-2477

Yousif B. Rojeab

Manchester University

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7806-7876

David F. Kisor

PGx Education LLC

DOI: https://doi.org/10.24926/iip.v16i3.6347

Keywords: pharmacogenetics, pharmacogenomics, clinical decision support system, pharmacy education, personalized medicine, therapeutic recommendations, pharmacy students

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Abstract

Background: Pharmacogenetic testing in clinical practice is feasible and cost-effective, and positively impacts healthcare quality and costs. Integrating pharmacogenetics into the pharmacy setting has shown promise in improving medication safety, effectiveness, and efficiency. Implementation across health care settings, however, continues to be limited. Pharmacy students’ ability to utilize pharmacogenetic information in their decision-making processes may be enhanced with a software-based clinical decision support system (CDSS).

Aims: To evaluate the feasibility of incorporating a pharmacogenetic CDSS into pharmacy student education. To evaluate the impact of a CDSS compared with usual decision-making methods (UDM) on appropriateness of medication selection and efficiency of pharmacy students’ medication decision-making.

Methods: A cross-sectional study design was employed, including a controlled crossover trial with two intervention arms, CDSS and UDM, and a nested qualitative study to explore student perceptions. Fifty-one third-year pharmacy students were recruited and participated in two clinical scenarios, alternating between CDSS and UDM methods. Performance outcomes were assessed based on the appropriateness of therapeutic recommendations and the efficiency of therapeutic decision making. An online survey was conducted to gather students’ feedback on using the CDSS.

Results: In Scenario 1 (antiplatelet therapy), 89% of students in the CDSS group selected the optimal drug (ticagrelor) compared to 39% in the UDM group (p<0.001). In Scenario 2 (behavioral health therapy), 50% of students in the CDSS group chose the optimal drug versus 41% in the UDM group, and students in the CDSS group chose fewer drugs (4 drugs) than students in the UDM group (10 drugs). For both scenarios, students in the CDSS group used only the CDSS as a resource, while the UDM group used multiple resources. The survey revealed high student satisfaction, with 94% of the students finding the CDSS useful.

Conclusions: The study demonstrates that, compared to UDM, a CDSS improves the appropriateness and efficiency of pharmacy students’ therapeutic recommendations. Integrating a CDSS into pharmacy education can enhance students’ competency in utilizing pharmacogenetic information, advancing personalized medicine and optimizing patient care.